Immune system cells11/8/2022 ![]() Organisms cannot be completely sealed from their environments, so systems act to protect body openings such as the lungs, intestines, and the genitourinary tract. #Immune system cells skinThe waxy cuticle of most leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infection. Several barriers protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers. One class of non-self molecules are called antigens (originally named for being antibody generators) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules. In immunology, self molecules are components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Lag time between exposure and maximal responseīoth innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. Components of the immune system Innate immune systemĮxposure leads to immediate maximal response ![]() This improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated, in the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered. Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response. Innate immune systems are found in all animals. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. Physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. The immune system protects its host from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity.
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